Yaks can climb mountain slopes as steep as 60 degrees thanks to their specialized hooves.

The domestic yak (Bos grunniens) and its wild ancestor (Bos mutus) have evolved unique physiological adaptations to survive the harsh terrain of the Tibetan Plateau, which sits at an average elevation of 4,500 meters. Their hooves are cloven, meaning they are split into two toes that can move independently. This allows the animal to adjust its grip on uneven surfaces and distribute its massive weight more effectively than solid-hoofed animals like horses.The outer edge of each hoof is composed of extremely hard keratin, which acts like a natural crampon to dig into frozen ground or narrow rocky ledges. In contrast, the inner part of the hoof consists of a soft, elastic bulb. This fleshy pad deforms under pressure to create a suction-like seal on smooth rocks and ice, providing the friction necessary to navigate 60-degree inclines without slipping.Research published in journals such as 'Nature Communications' highlights that yaks also possess larger lungs and a higher red blood cell count than low-altitude cattle to support these physical feats in thin air. Their center of gravity is also positioned lower to the ground, which increases stability during steep descents. These combined traits have made them the primary pack animals for Himalayan expeditions for centuries, as they can carry loads of 100 kilograms across passes that would be impassable for other livestock.