Hospitals use high-pressure steam to sterilize biohazardous waste before disposal.

The process of using high-pressure steam for sterilization is known as autoclaving, a method pioneered by Charles Chamberland in 1879. Modern autoclaves typically operate at temperatures between 121°C and 134°C (250°F to 273°F). To ensure complete sterilization, the steam must reach a pressure of at least 15 pounds per square inch (psi) for approximately 15 to 30 minutes.This combination of heat and moisture is far more effective than dry heat because steam transfers thermal energy more efficiently. The process works by denaturing the proteins and enzymes essential for the survival of bacteria, viruses, and even highly resistant fungal spores. For hospitals, this is the gold standard for treating Regulated Medical Waste (RMW) before it leaves the facility.According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), autoclaving is the most common alternative to incineration. It significantly reduces the volume of waste and eliminates the release of toxic emissions associated with burning plastic. Once the cycle is complete, chemical or biological indicators are often used to verify that all microorganisms have been successfully destroyed.After sterilization, the waste is physically transformed through shredding or grinding to make it unrecognizable and to reduce its bulk. This treated material is then classified as municipal solid waste, meaning it can be safely buried in standard landfills. This systematic approach protects sanitation workers and the public from accidental exposure to bloodborne pathogens like HIV or Hepatitis B.