Black panthers are not a separate species.

The term black panther is a common name used to describe any large cat with a condition known as melanism. This genetic trait is caused by a recessive allele in leopards (Panthera pardus) and a dominant allele in jaguars (Panthera onca). Research published in the journal PLOS ONE indicates that approximately 11% of leopards worldwide exhibit this dark coloration.Melanism is driven by an overproduction of melanin, the same pigment responsible for skin and hair color in humans. In jaguars, the mutation occurs in the MC1R gene, while in leopards, it is linked to the ASIP gene. Despite their solid appearance, these cats still possess the typical rosettes of their species. These markings are visible through a phenomenon called ghost striping when viewed under infrared light or direct sunlight.Evolutionary biologists suggest that melanism provides a selective advantage in specific environments. For instance, black leopards are most common in the dense, tropical rainforests of Southeast Asia, such as the Malay Peninsula. In these dark habitats, the black coat offers superior camouflage for nocturnal hunting compared to the standard spotted coat.The first scientific descriptions of melanistic leopards date back centuries, but modern genetic mapping has only recently identified the specific mutations involved. Interestingly, melanism has been documented in 13 of the 37 known felid species. However, it has never been officially recorded in lions or tigers, making the black panther a unique biological marvel within the Panthera genus.