Fireworks were originally invented to scare away Nian, a fearsome beast from ancient Chinese mythology.

The legend of Nian dates back thousands of years to the early Han Dynasty in China. According to folklore, this lion-like beast emerged from the sea or mountains every spring to devour livestock and villagers. The practice of scaring Nian began with 'baozhu,' which literally translates to 'exploding bamboo.' When fresh bamboo is thrown into a fire, the air pockets inside the segments expand and burst with a sharp crack.By the Tang Dynasty (618–907 AD), Chinese alchemists discovered that mixing potassium nitrate, sulfur, and charcoal created a volatile powder. This early gunpowder was packed into paper tubes or bamboo to create much louder and more reliable explosions. These firecrackers were specifically used during the transition to the new year to clear out the 'nian,' or bad luck from the old year. Historians note that the color red became associated with this ritual because Nian was reportedly terrified of a red robe worn by an old man who once defeated the beast.Modern archaeological evidence from the Song Dynasty shows that firework technology advanced rapidly during the 10th century. During this era, fireworks became a staple of public celebrations and military displays rather than remaining rural superstitions. Today, the 'Guo Nian' festival, which means 'passing the year' or 'overcoming Nian,' remains the most significant cultural event in China. The use of pyrotechnics continues to symbolize the triumph of light and sound over darkness and ancient predatory myths.